Notes on Romans 4

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Romans Chapter 4

 

(Teaching by Larry Martin at New Hope Christian Fellowship, Bedford NH on May 4, 2008)

Introduction:

Has anyone ever asked you, “What faith are you?  Most of us have respond: “Oh, I’m . . .

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    • Roman Catholic
    • Episcopal
    • Lutheran
    • Congregationalist
    • Methodist
    • I’m Reformed
    • Baptist (Southern? Conservative? or American?)
    • Pentecostal
    • Charismatic (One pastor told me they were charismatic, but w/ a small ‘c’)
    • Mark Driscoll of Mars Hill Church, a fabulous Christ centered church in Seattle, says their church is charismatic w/ a seat belt!
    • I went to a funeral 2 weeks ago and the pastor who spoke announced – so I thought – that he was a Presentarian  (that was a new one on me).   I queried him after the service what a Presentarian was.  He said, “No, I said Presbyterian.”

          That’s what happens when you sit in the back row!

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      - And don’t you just get a kick out of the pundits on TV talking about the “Fundamentalists”? 

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    • As for me, my faith rests in the One and only Son of the living God . . .
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      I strive to keep my words in line with Scripture when asked what I believe . . . Jesus said, “The words I speak are not my own.  My Father gives them to me.”  So might our words be stronger if they were the very words of God.   

So what does the Scripture say?

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      - It says, for one thing, “Do not go beyond what is written.  Then you will not take pride in one man over against another.”  (1 Corinthians 4:4).  We might do well to limit describing our faith to what the Bible says.

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      - Paul cautioned the Corinthians to not say, “I’m of Paul” or “I’m of Apollos”.  I Corinthians 3:3-5

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      • Our faith has nothing to do with following men.
      • It’s all about Jesus
 
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    • Jude 3 says, “I felt I had to urge you to contend for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints.”  This is an urging we all ought to heed today! 
 
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      - Eph 4:4 says, “There is one body, and one Spirit – just as you were called to one hope when you were called – one Lord, one faith, one baptism; one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all.”

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      There is one and only one faith.  Scripturally speaking that makes a man righteous.  This faith runs from Genesis to Revelation

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    • Does this sound a bit strange to you?
    • There is not one faith for the Jew and another for the Gentile.
 
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      This is precisely what Paul intends to present to us in Romans chapter 4.

 

Book - Review:

In chapter 3, Paul proved by argument that a man is justified by faith alone and that it is freely offered to Jew and Gentile, alike, both being justified “through the same faith” (Rom 3:30). 

As a brief review, it would be good to re-focus on the truth Pastor John has been teaching over the past few weeks from Romans chapter 3:

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    • God is faithful, righteous and just
    • No one understands God
    • No one seeks God
    • All have turned away from Him and sought their own way
    • No one does good
    • The whole world is accountable to God
    • No one will be declared righteous in his sight by observing God’s Law
    • A righteousness from God has been made known, to which the Law & the prophets testify
    • Men may obtain righteousness from God through faith by believing that Jesus is who He claimed to be: The seed of Abraham, The Christ, The Son of the living God
    • All have sinned and fall short of God’s glory
    • All may be justified freely by His grace (God’s riches @ Christ’s expense) through redemption that came by Christ
    • God presented Him a sacrifice of atonement through faith in His blood – which is the only acceptable means by which God’s wrath toward sinners is propitiated (appeased); by means the ultimate atoning sacrifice – God’s only begotten Son
    • God’s justice was satisfied, through Christ’s infinite sacrifice; the penalty for sin paid in full
    • Redemption is not based upon observing the law but on faith in God’s promise
    • A man is justified by faith apart from law
    • God is not the God of the Jews only but of the Gentiles also
 

Book – Our Text – Chapter 4:

Now in chapter 4, Paul seeks to prove his apologetic in chapter 3 by the example of Abraham whom the Jews considered to be their father and founder of the Jewish nation. 

Overview of Chapter 4: 

Although Romans is certainly written to us all, chapter 4 is addressed particularly to the Jew to show that his gospel is not something new – Here are the points Paul makes in chapter 4:

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    1. Paul argues that Abraham was justified through faith by simply believing God’s promise;
 
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    1. That, David upholds this same belief;
 
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    1. That, justification is not dependent upon whether a man is circumcised;
 
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    1. That works were not required for Abraham to be considered righteous.  If they were then faith would be of no use; and, the promises of God would have no effect.
 
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    1. Jews were a proud bunch and might take issue with pagans being justified by the same faith as they. So, Paul offers Abraham as the example to be followed by Jew and Gentile alike since he was justified before circumcision and before the Law was even given. 
 
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    1. Paul makes these arguments strictly within the spirit of the Jewish religion proving with good logic that the Gentile world is justified by faith alone.

 

Reading and explanation of Romans 4:1-25

    Rom 4:1 What then shall we say that Abraham, our forefather, discovered in this matter? 
     
     
     
    		 READ: Rom 4:1-3 “What shall we say then” is intended to surface the objection of the Jew.

    How does your doctrine of justification agree with what the scripture says concerning Abraham?

    Was the law set aside in his case?

    Did he derive a benefit from circumcision or from the covenant God later made with him?

    Matt 3:9 the Jews valued themselves much, “John the Baptist says, “Do not think that you can say to yourselves, “We have Abraham as our Father”.  I tell you that out of these stones God can raise up children for Abraham.” (And so he did. I had a heart of stone before I was saved!)

    NIV waters down text which speaks of “according to the flesh” and the term, “hath found”. AV is best.
    Rom 4:2 If, in fact, Abraham was justified by works, he had something to boast about – but not before God. We have no record of Abraham tooting his own horn; boasting … before men … before God.

    CP:  Job was righteous in his own eyes and did a lot of boasting to which God had a life-changing response.  “Who is this that darkens my counsel with words without knowledge?” 

    Rom 4:3 What does the Scripture say? “Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.”  
     
     
     
    		 “What does the scripture say?” Genesis 12:7, 13:15; 24:7; 15:6; Galatians Chapter 3: 8, 9, 11, 16, 26-29.  Abraham believed Yahwah 

    What he believed was that his offspring would be like the stars of the heaven in number.

    He had no child and no prospect of it; Abraham and Sarah’s bodies were dead

    Faith invokes the activity of another

    Hebrews 1:11 Abraham’s strong confidence that God would perform what He had promised.  Reckoned for righteousness.

    Reckon means ‘credited to the account, imputed’

    Righteousness means ‘to treat as a righteous man, one in favor and in friendship with God’
    Rom 4:4 Now when a man works, his wages are not credited to him as a gift, but as an obligation. Read verses 4 & 5 together.

    If a man works for something, the one he is working for becomes his debtor when the job is done and he must be paid.  God is debtor to no man. 

    Rom 4:5 However, to the man who does not work but trusts God who justifies the wicked, his faith is credited as righteousness. Eph 2:8-9 Salvation is not of works lest any man should boast.
    Rom 4:6 David says the same thing when he speaks of the blessedness of the man to whom God credits righteousness apart from works: READ verses 6-8 together. 

    Deut 19:15: a matter is established by the testimony of 2 or 3 witnesses

    So Paul enjoins that David says the same thing.
    Rom 4:7 “Blessed are they whose transgressions are forgiven,

    whose sins are covered. 

    		 David exclaims there is happiness when a man is forgiven – whose sins are not charged to him – who is freed from the punishment due him when he is treated as righteous man. 

    He receives benefits of Christ’s atonement.
    Rom 4:8 Blessed is the man whose sin the Lord will never count against him.”  
     
     
    		 It’s irrevocable.  Buried in the sea of forgetfulness, to be remembered no more. 

    Psalm 103:12:  “As far as the east is from the west, so far has he removed our sins from us.”
    Rom 4:9 Is this blessedness only for the circumcised, or also for the uncircumcised? We have been saying that Abraham's faith was credited to him as righteousness. READ verses 9 – 12. 

    Who is eligible to be justified?  Is it predicated on obedience to Law?  Would a Gentile need to be circumcised?

    He repeats that is was by faith only
    Rom 4:10 Under what circumstances was it credited? Was it after he was circumcised, or before? It was not after, but before! 
     
     
    		 Not after but before he was circumcised. 

    He’s presenting Abraham as the great father and model of the Jewish people who were proud of their privileges.

    They were given the prophets and the law.

    Paul is trying to dash every prospect of Jewish pride with these kinds of arguments
    Rom 4:11 And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness that he had by faith while he was still uncircumcised. So then, he is the father of all who believe but have not been circumcised, in order that righteousness might be credited to them. 
     
     
    		 Circumcision was a sign or a seal of binding.

    Seals were used on writings and letters.  It occurs after the terms are agreed upon and/or after the conditions are satisfied.

    He points to Gen 15:5 that Abram was accepted and justified.

    Gen 15:18-21; 17:1-9 Written before he was circumcised.  Paul concludes that circumcision has nothing to do justification.

    He is the father of all who believe Jew & Gentile alike.

    Gentiles are considered children of Abraham because they are justified the same way; to believe God’s promise of the seed (OT) who is revealed as Christ (NT) (Gal 3:16).

    Jews contended All ought to be circumcised.  Paul settles the argument:  Abraham found favor with God before circumcision.
    Rom 4:12 And he is also the father of the circumcised who not only are circumcised but who also walk in the footsteps of the faith that our father Abraham had before he was circumcised. 
    		 Abraham is declared the father of all who walk in His steps hearing and believing the promise of God. 

    The Promise, the seed (OT) who is revealed as Christ (NT) (Gal 3:16! 

    We are like the dust and the stars and the rocks that cry out and declare the glory of the Lord Jesus
    Rom 4:13 It was not through law that Abraham and his offspring received the promise that he would be heir of the world, but through the righteousness that comes by faith. 
     
     
     
     
    		 READ 13 – 16

    “Not through law’”– because the Law wasn’t yet given - So Law has no part in his justification.

    An heir is one who succeeds or inherits an estate.

    The ‘world’ is the entire world.

    The precise expression is ‘heir of the world’

    “Offspring” should read “seed’. 

    This is complicated! 2 Peter 3:16 found Paul’s writing hard to understand. Enough to confuse many.

    “It is promised’:

    Gen 12:2 God will make him a great nation.

    Gen 12:3 In him all families of earth be blessed.

    Gen 13:15 & 16 God promises the land of Canaan to Abram & his Seed.

    Gen 15:5 His seed would be like the stars in number.

    Gen 17:5 He would be a father of many nations.

    Gal 3:16 Says the seed is singular and means one person who is Christ.

    Gal 3: 29 If you belong to Christ then you are Abraham’s seed and heirs according to promise.

    Gal 4:6 & 7 Because you are sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, the Spirit who calls out, Abba, Father, So you are no longer a slave (to sin?), but a son; and since you are a son, God also has made you an heir. (Questions, Of what?)

    “‘heir of the world’ -

    The promise was, at first, their possessing the land, Canaan, to the natural descendents.

    Thus, the promise of his being a great nation applies to his offspring inheriting the land of Canaan.

    His being a father of many nations embraces all his followers.

    In Rom 4:13 the apostle calls Abraham & his seed heirs of the entire world, these offspring are all who believe in Christ.  We are joint heirs with Him.

    Perhaps National Israel (a great nation) inherits the land of Canaan; and, the followers of Christ and all who are in Him (many nations) inherit the land. Is the “land” here the entire world?

    Rom 4:14 For if those who live by law are heirs, faith has no value and the promise is worthless, 
     
     
    		 To seek justification through obedience to law makes all the promises of God of no effect and so these are not heirs of promise. 

    Wow!  If people seek to be justified by their morality or their forms of religion, they cannot depend on any promise of God.  They stand independent of promise or covenant and are depending on their own means of salvation, thus rendering the plan of God useless. 

    They render the promises and atonement of Christ worthless and the work of the spirit of no value.  They stand independent of God.
    Rom 4:15 because law brings wrath. And where there is no law there is no transgression. 
     
    		 The law condemns us because no one can measure up to its high standard, only Christ.  Christ is the standard of righteousness. 

    The Law condemns us all to punishment
    Rom 4:16 Therefore, the promise comes by faith, so that it may be by grace and may be guaranteed to all Abraham's offspring–not only to those who are of the law but also to those who are of the faith of Abraham. He is the father of us all. 
     
     
    		 The promise was a Son: the Son of Promise is Christ to those who come by faith so that it may be by grace.  We are of the faith of Abraham; he is the father of all who believe by faith.   

    Abraham’s former name “Abram” means ‘exalted father’; Abraham’s new name means father of many.

    Many preach that phrase “we are of Abraham” indicating we must submit to and live by the ordinances of the law, but I don’t see that here in Romans 4. 

    The New nature does not sin and is holy as He is holy.
    Rom 4:17 As it is written: “I have made you a father of many nations.”  He is our father in the sight of God, in whom he believed–the God who gives life to the dead and calls things that are not as though they were. 
     
     
    		 READ verses 17 & 18

    God said, ‘I have made you’ as though the thing were already done.

    1 Thess 5:24:  Faithful is He who calls you who also will do it.  He is the dynamic of His own demand. His Name is Jesus Christ, the Son of the living God.

    Abraham believed strongly that God could take something dead & make it live.

    Eph 1: 18-23 “I pray also that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened in order that you may know the hope to which He has called you, the riches of His glorious inheritance in the saints, and His comparably great power for us who believe.  That power is like the working of His mighty strength which  He exerted in Christ when He raised Him from the dead and seated Him at His right hand in heavenly realms, far above all rule and authority, power and dominion, and every title that can be given, not only in the present age but also in the One to come.  And God placed all things under His feet and appointed Him to be head over everything for the church, which is His body, the fullness of Him who fills everything in every way.”

    Eph 2:4-5  reminds us God “made us alive with Christ even when we are dead in transgressions.” 

    Rom 4:18 Against all hope, Abraham in hope believed and so became the father of many nations, just as it had been said to him, “So shall your offspring be.”  
     
     
    		 Abraham believed what God said. 

    Man does not live by bread alone….but by every word from the mouth of God.

    Our children are going to follow in our steps.  Children receive our Spiritual assets the same way through the same process we attained those assets.
    Rom 4:19 Without weakening in his faith, he faced the fact that his body was as good as dead–since he was about a hundred years old–and that Sarah's womb was also dead. 
    		 READ verses 19 to 24 

    I can’t, never could, He can, said He would – said he’d be my life, my wisdom, my sanctification, etc

    Apart from Him I can do nothing; but with Him all things are possible
    Rom 4:20 Yet he did not waver through unbelief regarding the promise of God, but was strengthened in his faith and gave glory to God, 
     
     
    		 Unbelief was not given houseroom in the mind of Abram!   

    Strengthened in his faith . . . faith cometh from hearing . . . the more you hear . . . the more you believe.

    You are saved by grace thru faith and that (faith is) not from yourselves it is a gift from God. Eph 2:8-9

    A faith that grows stronger results in ever increasing glorify of God.  See 2 Cor 3:18 below. 

    It works just like 2 Cor 3:18! “And all we with open face as beholding as in a glass the glory of the Lord, are changed into the same image from glory to glory, even by the Spirit of the Lord.”
    Rom 4:21 being fully persuaded that God had power to do what he had promised. 
     
     
    		 He was entirely convinced that God was able. 

    Gen 18:14 Abraham’s faith was tested and proven and he was commanded to sacrifice his promised son.

    Re: Resurrection:

    Since Abraham’s body was brought to life to produce the promise of the son; Abraham’s faith would also believe God could resurrect his son, if sacrificed.)  AND WE HAVE THIS FAITH!

    We have been gripped by the faith of righteousness, first evidenced in Abraham thus making him the father of the faithful. 

    “By faith Noah, being warned of God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear, prepared an ark to the saving of his house; by the which he condemned the world, and became HEIR of the RIGTHEOUSNESS which is by FAITH.” (Hebrews 11:7)

    Wow! This is strong truth! This passage confirms there is “One faith” - Eph 4:4
    Rom 4:22 This is why “it was credited to him as righteousness.” 
     
     
    		 God is the supreme accountant.  What He credits to one’s account is irrevocable.

    He has cleansed us and made us white as snow. 

    We have the divine nature of our Lord Jesus Christ.

    Our new nature does not, cannot sin, we have been made holy.
    Rom 4:23 The words “it was credited to him” were written not for him alone, 
    		 It is written. It’s in the Book.  

    We hear the gospel message – we believe – His righteousness is credited to us – we are justified

    Rom 4:24 but also for us, to whom God will credit righteousness–for us who believe in him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead. 
     
     
    		 Abraham’s example of believing in God’s Word is a living letter to be read by Jew and Gentile alike. 

    The faith of Abraham and the faith of all those who are true believers on Jesus Christ is substantially the same.

    The only difference between Abraham’s faith and ours is the degree of revelation OT to NT that Christ was the OT seed, the promised One
    Rom 4:25 He was delivered over to death for our sins and was raised to life for our justification. READ verse 25 

    We serve a living Savior! Hallelujah!

 
 

Study Background to Romans 4:

The 1st thing that comes to my mind reading Rom 4 is how Paul begins his speech focusing upon Abraham.   This is how Stephen began his defense in Acts 7.  Read Acts chapter 7. Acts 8:1, “And Saul was there, giving approval to his death.”  This must have been deeply rooted in Paul’s mind when he penned Chapter 4. 

    Stephen had been accused by the Sanhedrin of speaking against the holy place and the law.  Stephen begins with Abraham, making point of God’s promise to him (i.e. the seed being Christ) and that the time of fulfillment had come.  He states the Righteous One has come and you betrayed and murdered him.  Read Acts 7:54-8:1.

    This is true and powerful background for chapter 4!

    CH MacIntosh on Paul’s passion and persistence to keep going back to Jerusalem to preach to the Jews follows:

    Reading from: The Life & Times of Elijah; Conclusion as follows: ‘“Every affection of Paul’s heart as a man and a Jew would have him linger at Jerusalem, and also to hesitate in the development of a doctrine which would cast Jerusalem and all earthly things into shade, and raise the thoughts and affections into far higher and purer region than had been realized.  Paul knew full well the vanity and emptiness of vows and purifications. He saw nothing in the temple and its splendid ceremonies save a vast system of shadows of which the substance was in Heaven. Yet his affectionate heart yearned over his brethren who were still captivated by it all, and therefore he hesitated to let the full blaze of the light which had been communicated to him shine upon them, lest it should dazzle them, habituated as they were to shadows of bygone days.  . . . 

       His heart, however led him to tarry in Jerusalem, yea, to tarry until the Lord had to compel him to leave it.  His commission was to the Gentiles; and yet, again and again he betakes himself to Jerusalem, and in his unwillingness to depart from it reminds us of the “slow and measured steps” with which the glory as seen by Ezekiel had departed from the temple.

          But the Lord would insist on His servant leaving Jerusalem. “Make haste,” said He, “and get thee quickly out of Jerusalem; for they will not receive thy testimony concerning Me.” Paul’s Jewish heart still lingers. He replies, “They know that I imprisoned and beat in every synagogue them that believed on Thee; and when the blood of Thy martyr Stephen was shed, I was also standing by and consenting unto his death, and kept the raiment of them that slew him.”

          What pleading is here! “Their unbelief is all my fault; my vileness acts as the great barrier to their reception of the testimony – only let me remain.”’

    Paul said (Romans 9:2, 3):  “I have great sorrow and unceasing anguish in my heart.  For I could wish that I myself were cursed and cut off from Christ for the sake of my own race, the people of Israel.”

    Abraham was not the 1st person to be considered righteous in the Bible.  Able was the 1st to be spoken of as righteous and Noah also was considered righteous.  Enoch walked with God and did not see death and was righteous.

    But, Abraham is the 1st man in Scripture in whom the principle was established of having righteousness put to his account on the principle of faith by believing God.  For this, it pleased God to call Abraham and make him the father of the family of faith.

    Following are some powerful verses to support Paul’s apologetic in Rom chapter 4 regarding the promised seed (not seeds):

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    • Gen 12:7
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      - Gen 13:15

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    • Gen 24:7
 
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      - Gal 3:8, 9: “The Scripture foresaw that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel in advance to Abraham: ‘All nations will be blessed through you’.  So those who have faith are blessed along with Abraham, the man of faith.”

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      - Gal 3:11 “Clearly no one is justified before God by the law, because, ‘The righteous will live by faith’”  - (4 mentions of this expression in Scripture: Hab 2:4, Rom 1:17, Gal 3:11, Heb 10:32)

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      - Gal 3:14 “He redeemed us in order that the promise given to Abraham might come to the Gentiles through Christ Jesus, so that by faith we might receive the promise of the Spirit.”

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      - Gal 3:16 “ The promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed.  The Scripture does not say ‘and to seeds’, meaning many people, but “and to your seed,” (Gen 12:7, 13:15, 24:7) meaning one person, who is Christ.” – Comment: The NIV is poor and misleading to translate the Hebrew word for “seed” in Genesis as “offspring”. The word for offspring in Hebrew does not exist in Genesis and first appears in the Book of Job. 

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    • Gal 3:29 “ If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to promise.”
 
 

Interesting Word studies from Genesis:

(Strong’s References Genesis 15 through 17)

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      Bible Word

      Strong’s #

      		 2nd # Hebrew Pronunciation

      Definition
      PERSONS          
      Abram H087     Ab-rawm’ Exalted Father
      Abraham H085     Abra-hawm’ Father of a Multitude
      Eliezer H461     El-ee-eh’-zer Mighty God of Help; from H410 and H5828
          H410 ‘El ale strength, mighty, esp.almighty in connection with God
          H5828 ‘ezer a’zer Aide, help from H5826
          H5826 ‘azar Aw-zar’ prime root to surround, protect, help, succor
      Damascus H1834   Dammeseq Dam-meh’-sek City in Syria; Silent is the sackcloth weaver (Concordance: Blueletterbible.org)
      Sarai H8297   Saray Saw-rah-ee Dominative (Webster dictionary: inclined to dominate or rule), from H8269
          H8269 Sar Sar Head person of any rank or class; captain, chief, general, governor, keeper, lord, taskmaster, principal, ruler, steward; from H8323
          H8323 Sarar Saw-rar’ Prime root:  to exercise dominion, to make self a prince, to rule
      Sarah H8283   Sarah Saw-raw’ Proper name.  Abraham’s wife; from H8282
          H8282     Feminine of H8269; mistress, female noble, lady, princess, queen; from H8269 (See above)
      Hagar H1904   Hagar Haw-gawr’ Uncertain origin; Flight (source unknown);BDB Lex:; Stranger; Sarah's Egyptian slave girl, Abraham's concubine, Ishmael's mother Smith’s Bible Dictionary: Gen12:16 and 16:1; presented to Abraham by Pharoah
      Ishmael H3458   Yishmae’l Yish-maw-ale’ From 8085 and 410:  God will Hear
          H8085  Shmaa shaw-mah’ to hear intelligently, carefully, certainly, consent, consider, etc
      Isaac H3327   Yitschaq Yits-khawk’ Laughter (ie mockery); From 6711
          H6711 Tsachaq Tsaw-khak’ Prime root; to laugh outright (in merriment or scorn), to sport, laugh, mock, play, make sport
      Jacob H3290   Yaaqob Yah-ak-obe’ From 6117; heel-catcher
          H6117 Aqab Aw-kab’ Prime root; properly to swell out or up, to seize by the heel; figuratively to circumvent as tripping, to restrain
      Israel H3478   Yisrael Yis-raw-ale’ From H8280 and H410; he will rule as God
          H8280 sarah saw-raw’ Prime root: to prevail-power
          H410     See above under ‘Eliezer’
      PLACES          
      Land H776   Erets Eh’rets Earth (at large, or partitively; a land); land; from an unused primary root
 
 

Bibliography:

This bibliography represents a compilation of some of the resources quoted or paraphrased in this speaking outline on Romans Chapter 4.  I am grateful to the authors and publishers for the opportunity to glean insight and understanding from these treasuries on Bible truth:

      Barnes, Albert. Barnes’ Notes on the Bible Volume 13, Ages Software Version 1.0 © 2000

      Darby, John. Darby’s Synopsis of the Books of the Bible, Ages Software Version 1.0 © 2000

      Wesley, John. Notes on the Bible, Ages Software Version 1.0 © 2000

      Coates, CA. An Outline of the Epistle to the Romans, Stow Hill Bible and Tract Depot, London

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      Henry, Matthew. “Commentary on Romans”. Commentary on the Whole Bible, Blue Letter Bible. 01 Mar 1996. 28 Apr 2008

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      Scott, Thomas. “Romans 4:2,” The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, Blue Letter Bible. 1836. 9 Jul 2004, 28 Apr 2008

      MacIntosh, CH Notes on Genesis, Loizeaux Brothers Publishers, 1880. 1954

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      MacIntosh, CH The MacIntosh Treasury Miscellaneous Writings, Loizeaux Brothers Publishers, 1976

      Geisler, Norman L., A Popular Survey of the Old Testament, Baker Book House, 1977

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      Grubb, Norman P. C. T. Studd Cricketer and Pioneer, Zondervan Publishing House by arrangement with The Religious Tract Society, London, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937

      Bullinger, EW. The Church Epistles: Romans to Thessalonians

      Unger, Merrill F. Unger’s Bible Dictionary, Moody Press, 1966

      Strong, James. Strong’s Expanded Exhaustive Concordance, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2001

      Nelson’s Complete Book of Bible Maps & Charts, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1996

      Payne, J. Barton. Encyclopedia of Biblical Prophecy, Baker Books, 1973

      The New Chain Reference Bible 4th Ed., King James Version, BB Kirkbridge Bible Co Inc.,1964

      The Companion Bible, Authorized Version of 1611, Kregel Publications, 1990

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      The New International Version of The Holy Bible, Zondervan, copyright 1984 by International Bible Society

      The Master Christian Library, Ages Software, Inc. Version 8.0, 2000

      Blueletterbible.org, Blue Letter Bible. 1996-2008

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